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The COVID-19 pandemic is finally ending and the endless regulations that prevented economic growth are disappearing. However, experts predict the real struggle to begin soon as recessions, or the decline in economic activities, start to occur in numerous countries with USD value increasing rapidly. Korea is one of those countries, and this is shown clearly through the current USD/KRW exchange rate exceeding 1400 won for the first time since the Lehman Brothers crisis in 2008 (Jung, 2022). Although the Korean Bank is trying to control the exchange rate by releasing its current possession of USD, the increase does not seem to stop. Then, what is the cause of the rapid increase in Korea's exchange rate, and what are its effects?
When the COVID-19 pandemic started, people started to spend less money, which resulted in less money flowing within the market. To make sure that the economy functions properly, the Federal Reserve Bank decreased the interest rate, which makes people borrow more money from banks while not saving it. This causes more dollars to be available for the consumers to spend. However, people are having to pay the price for this decision as the economy starts to recover. Now that the pandemic has ended, people are spending more money and the economy around the world is flourishing (Gaily, 2022).
However, the recovery is not necessarily positive because the demand for products is increasing, and their prices are increasing together as well. Also, with the current war between Ukraine and Russia, the prices of important resources such as fossil fuels and grain have increased significantly, impacting product prices around the world (Guardian, 2022). To make sure that prices can return to normal, the Federal Reserve Bank speedily increased its exchange rates to prevent consumers from spending money. In the course of just 5 months, the current interest became higher than the interest rate before the pandemic by reaching 3.25%, which is a noticeable difference from 2.5%. As banks started to collect dollars from consumers, the value of USD increased. Meanwhile, Korea did not follow the increase in interest rates like the US because there were too many side effects such as people not being able to pay back their debt. The difference in interest rates between the two countries meant that the value of USD became significantly greater than the value of the KRW. This series of events caused the sudden increase in exchange rates since dollars are worth more than before.
Korea is a country that makes a living out of selling products like electronics, semiconductors, and automobiles to the rest of the world. Therefore, people might think that the current increase in the exchange rate would be good for companies since they can gain more KRW for exporting goods. They would assume that Korea will gain more dollars and the economy will grow. However, because the increase is so rapid, it is doing more harm than good. First of all, the government is slowly but surely increasing the interest rate to match the value of KRW compared to USD. The Korean Bank attempted to increase the interest as gradually as possible, but the current situation just makes it impossible to have a lower interest rate compared to America. There are rumors that there will soon be a 50 bp increase, which is something the country has never experienced before. The increase will negatively affect the lives of people who loaned money from the bank, as they will have more money to pay back to the bank. For instance, there is a term called "young-ggeul", which indicates young people who loaned a lot of money to buy a house, expecting the price to increase. However, the situation is becoming disastrous for them because their debt is increasing while their house prices are not (Jung, 2022). Also, the price of imported products is going out of control. People who are interested in electronics would have noticed that Apple decided to increase the price of apps on its App Store. It was an inevitable decision because the number of dollars Apple could get from selling its products declined (Mehta, 2022). Also, gas prices are going out of control because it is a resource that Korea completely relies on other countries. Likewise, the increase in exchange rates is deeply involved in the daily lives of Korean citizens and eventually harming their economic status.
Korea will have to go through this time of suffering in order to fully recover from the side effects of the pandemic. Because the economies of countries are tightly linked together, this is a problem shared by a lot of people that will probably end up in a worldwide recession. It is likely that the exchange rate will remain high for quite a while with prices continuing to skyrocket. Although the economic situation will be harsh for a while, it is important to endure it and not repeat the same mistake of suddenly decreasing the interest rate when crises like pandemics occur.
Works Cited
Gaily, Alex. "4 Ways the Fed's Interest Rate Hike Directly Affects Your Money." Time, Time, 22 Sept. 2022, time.com/nextadvisor/in-the-news/how-the-fed-interest-rate-hike-affects-your-money/#:~:text=When%20the%20Fed%20increases%20interest,on%20credit%20cards%20or%20loans.
"Global Food Prices Rise to Highest Ever Levels after Russian Invasion." The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 8 Apr. 2022, www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/apr/08/global-food-prices-rise-to-highest-ever-levels-after-russian-invasion-ukraine-wheat.
Mehta, Ivan. "Apple Is Raising Prices on App Store across Multiple Countries in Asia and Europe." TechCrunch, 20 Sept. 2022, techcrunch.com/2022/09/20/apple-is-raising-prices-on-app-store-across-multiple-countries-in-asia-and-europe/.
Min-hee, Jung. "Business Groups Concerned over KRW-USD Exchange Rate." Businesskorea, 23 Sept. 2022, www.businesskorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=100891.
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On the 10th of this month, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced three contributors to banking research for The Nobel Prize in Economics.
Ben Bernanke, former chairman of the U.S. Central Bank, Douglas Diamond, professor of booth management at the University of Chicago, and Philip Deepbig, professor at the University of Washington in St. Louis, were co-winners.
The Nobel Committee stated study on recent banks made by this year's winners revealed the necessity of modern banks in this society with clarity. They proposed how to reduce the vulnerabilities of banks in case of a crisis, and how bank collapse accelerates the financial crisis. In particular, they said, "the insight of the winners has improved the ability to avoid serious crises and expensive bailouts."
Bernanke revealed for the first time the cause of the bank run of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Until he began his research, Milton Friedman claimed that the causation of the Great Depression was a "currency disturbance" in which the money supply rapidly increases or decreases. Adding on, Bernanke theoretically proved that bank runs are a major ripple path for the economic downturn. The Nobel Committee commented, "His insight broke the conventional wisdom."
Now, people are looking through Bernanke's past track records. One thing that directs attention is that Bernanke served as Fed chairman from 2006 to 2014. During the 2008 global financial crisis, the government introduced a Quantitative Easing policy to lower the U.S. key interest rate to zero. Also, the government released money to the market, making large-scale purchases of government bonds. Therefore his study of the Great Depression became the theoretical basis for quantitative easing policies during the global financial crisis.
However, questions regarding the effectiveness of the quantitative easing policy (which caused inflation) remain. Edward Prescott, a professor at the Arizona State University who won the 2004 Nobel Prize, said, "If you ask if quantitative easing helped economic growth, I will say no," adding, "but one thing Bernanke did well was to act as the last lender to prevent bank run risks after the September 2008 financial crisis."
Works Cited
Nobelprize.org. "Press release: The Prize in Economic Sciences 2022". The Nobel Prize
"THE SVERIGES RIKSBANK PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES IN MEMORY OF ALFRED NOBEL." NobelPrize.org, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Science "The laureates explained the central role of banks in financial crises" THE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES 2022 #1
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Transportation is the foundation of the whole economy. Vehicles such as trucks and ships are utilized to deliver and exchange goods. Moreover, driving a car is necessary for people in modern society where the traffic system is of high quality. However, operating these vehicles costs a lot more than before. The reason lies in oil prices. The current price of West Texas Intermediate crude oil is $85.05 per barrel. Compared to the price in 2021 which was around $60 per barrel, the current one is much higher. Due to this rise in oil prices, public dissatisfaction with the oil prices has heightened. While the oil prices keep fluctuating, some may wonder what caused the prices to go up. It's time to get a brief insight into the causes of the rise in oil prices and their significance.
Before investigating the causes, it is fundamental to know what OPEC is. OPEC is the organization of countries that export petroleum. It controls the supply of oils a lot and therefore has the right to decide the oil price. Currently, OPEC has agreed to cut oil production. Due to the law of supply, it is forecasted that this would cause the oil price to rise. However, the reason behind this decision lies in the supposition of OPEC members. They said their purpose in raising oil prices is to prevent a severe economic recession in the future as the world is showing a tendency to fall into depression. For example, China, the world's second-largest economy, has faced a decline in its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) due to the strict covid-zero policy that causes its citizens to stop consumption. In the case of European nations, they are trying to fix the rising inflation rate and are undergoing energy deficiency due to their high dependence on Russian natural gasses. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve raised the interest rate to lower the inflation rate as the U.S has experienced negative economic growth for two consecutive quarters this year, which will cause further economic issues.
OPEC's plan to boost the oil price was a maneuver for these situations. It is because oil prices are determined by the estimate of future economic growth: Higher prices can reveal the producers' belief that consumer demand will increase, while lower prices can demonstrate the faith that consumer demand will decrease. Thus, the decision to clip oil production aims to show that the consumption demand is insufficient and consumers should spend more to activate the circular flow of money vigorously since the world is getting into a depression. In regard to this resolution, U.S president Joe Biden criticized this decision by calling it shortsighted. The president wanted to fix the soaring inflation rate in the U.S and appealed to OPEC members to increase their oil production. He argued that the global economy is dealing with the Russian-Ukraine war, so it is necessary to lower prices and maintain dominance over Russia. However, the reality is following the opposite direction of what he wanted. Moreover, some OPEC countries, including Saudi Arabia, did not reveal their criticizing voice toward Russia. As a result, it is plausible that there is a conflict between OPEC and the White House, which could incur more economic problems.
Regardless of OPEC, another reason behind the rise in oil prices is the ongoing Russia-Ukraine crisis. After Russia invaded Ukraine in February, many countries prohibited the imports of Russian oil and other petroleum products. Major companies dealing with energy production, such as Shell and Exxon, also stopped their consumption of Russian oil. However, Russia is the third oil-producing country. Therefore, it was unavoidable for many countries and companies to face the lack of oil if they exclude Russia. Consequently, they could not help but compete with each other to obtain more barrels of oil, and this competence has caused the oil price to rise. Moreover, the point is that the war did not end. In other words, the global economy will keep confronting the oil scramble.
While the oil price has soared, the demand for other energy resources has increased. To substitute petroleum and prevent the oil shortage problem in the future, many European countries are very supportive of the development of renewable energies. Most of them also plan to replace all gasoline cars with electric and hydrogen cars by 2030. This situation interlocks with the environmental problem. Due to the pollution incurred by crude oil production, the world has been contaminated a lot. In this situation where the perception of oil production needs to change, the enormous rise in oil prices made modern people think of the drawbacks of using petroleum.
This way, the price of oil influences the whole world politically and technologically. Therefore, it is worth observing how the oil price changes over time because it reflects the transformation of the global economy.
Works Cited
Blair, William. "Russia-Ukraine War Prompts Sustainable Energy Push." SeekingAlpha, Seeking Alpha, 22 Oct. 2022, https://seekingalpha.com/article/4548280-russia-ukraine-war-prompts-sustainable-energy-push.
Person, and Alex Lawler Ahmad Ghaddar. "OPEC+ Agrees Deep Oil Production Cuts, Biden Calls It Shortsighted." Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 5 Oct. 2022, https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/opec-heads-deep-supply-cuts-clash-with-us-2022-10-04/.
Sherman, Natalie. "Petrol Price Rise Warning after OPEC Oil Output Cut." BBC News, BBC, 6 Oct. 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63149044.
Tepper, Taylor. "Why Is the Price of Oil Rising?" Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 5 Oct. 2022, https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/high-oil-prices/.
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Britain became the world's first industrialized nation in the 19th and early 20th centuries and was the world's greatest power. In the 21st century, Britain has considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific, technological and political influence (Writz). In fact, one of the most developed countries, the United Kingdom, has frequently been appearing in the media recently. This work will introduce the economic situation in the United Kingdom.
First of all, it is necessary to focus on the rate of inflation in the United Kingdom. In September, the consumer price index increased by more than 10 percent from approximately a year ago and food prices rose by more than 15 percent. It showed the highest rate since April 1980, which is 42 years ago. It was so serious that there was even a report saying inflation cut the number of people's meals by half.
The reason for this has to go back to the past, with the United Kingdom leaving the European Union is the main reason. The United Kingdom was providing a large contribution to the EU, but the EU had a financial crisis and had to withdraw from the EU by a referendum. The people of the United Kingdom believed that it was better to put only British interests ahead of being a member of the EU and paying large contributions and implementing common laws and policies. However, after leaving the EU, the negative effects started to appear, as many people around the world expected. The trade market was hit as the price of British exports became less competitive as tariffs were applied after the withdrawal, and FDI also declined. In addition, there was a change in the value of the pound according to the possibility of Brexit, and the value of the pound depreciated after leaving the EU. The war between Russia and Ukraine also had a major impact on the British economy. As Britain opposed Russia and supported Ukraine, Russia cut off the natural gas supply, resulting in a surge in energy prices and a sharp rise in electricity and gas costs for ordinary households: an increase in the consumer price index. Moreover, energy prices skyrocketed due to the global coronavirus pandemic and subsequent inflation and the Ukraine war, and the pound depreciated further due to interest rate hikes and a strong dollar that started in the United States.
In such an economic situation, the British Prime Minister changed and Leeds Truss took office in September 2022. She rose to the post of prime minister, dreaming of the 'second Margaret Thatcher. In her inaugural address, she confidently stated, "I am confident that together we can ride out the storm, rebuild our economy and become the modern, brilliant Britain that I know we can be." She was also the last prime minister to be appointed by Queen Elizabeth II, so attention was paid to her.
Truss has made a great challenge to ease the burden on the people and has come up with a policy. At the end of last month, Prime Minister Truss announced a massive tax cut without a specific fiscal outlook, saying it would drive economic growth. The surprise announcement threw the financial markets into chaos. The pound plummeted immediately after the policy announcement, and UK government bond yields soared. As a result, approval ratings for the ruling Conservative Party fell, leading to the resignation of high-ranking cabinet officials, and the arrows of accusation against Prime Minister Truss rained down from all around the world. She then said she could not deliver what she had promised, and consequently resigned after 44 days as prime minister, making it the shortest tenure in British history.
She announced that she would remain as the prime minister until a new leader is elected. The further election for the new Prime Minister will take place within the governing party and is due to be completed next week, and the winner of the election will then be invited by King Charles III to become the next prime minister.
The economic crisis that recently occurred regarding Liz Truss, the resigned Prime Minister, can also affect other countries. For instance, normally among the countries that invest in South Korea from abroad, the UK is at the top of the list. However, Britain's economic confusion has forced the British to recoup their investments, which means that foreigners who play an important role in the Korean stock market are leaving. Furthermore, as British government bonds, which were considered safe, fell, financial markets around the world, including Korea, are shaking. In such ways, an economic crisis in one country can have a significant impact on other countries as well.
Events both inside and outside of a number of countries have a major impact on the economy. Moreover, the economies of developed countries are the center of the global economy. Their influence is so great that decisions related to the country's economy must be made carefully.
Works Cited
Francis, Brian Wheeler & Sam. "Liz Truss: The Teenage Lib Dem Who Lasted Just 45 Days as PM." BBC News, BBC, 20 Oct. 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-58575895.
"Inflation and Price Indices." Inflation and Price Indices - Office for National Statistics, https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices#:~:text=Consumer%20price%20inflation%2C%20UK%3A%20September%202022&text=The%20Consumer%20Prices%20Index%20including,returning%20to%20July's%20recent%20high.
Lawless, Jill. "Truss Quits, but UK's Political and Economic Turmoil Persist." AP NEWS, Associated Press, 20 Oct. 2022, https://apnews.com/article/liz-truss-europe-economy-business-e18e6e6007c28f6e11cc1a201c545b71.
"Liz Truss Resigned after Six Weeks in Office. What Happens Now?" NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/uk-prime-minister-liz-truss-resigns-what-happens-now-rcna53260.
Paul, T. V. "Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st Century." Google Books, Stanford University Press, https://books.google.com/books/about/Balance_of_Power.html?id=9jy28vBqscQC.
"United Kingdom Inflation Rateoctober 2022 Data - 1989-2021 Historical." United Kingdom Inflation Rate - October 2022 Data - 1989-2021 Historical, https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/inflation-cpi.
Whannel, Joshua Nevett & Kate. "Liz Truss Resigns: PM's Exit Kicks off Another Tory Leadership Race." BBC News, BBC, 20 Oct. 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63332037.
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As Putin and Russia continue to show a hostile stance against Ukraine, Exxonmobil has fully pulled out their assets from their Sakhalin-1 oil project. Despite Exxonmobil's efforts to maintain its relationship with the Russians, the Russian government unilaterally terminated its interests in the Sakhalin-1 project which is now run by a Russian operator. As the Ukrainian conflict has caused a major predicament for Western countries and Russia, oil-related issues have also been exacerbated. Although this issue may seem minor, it will be one of the first issues that need to be resolved, and it is not an easy one.
Since 1966, the first time oil production was formally measured around the world, the Soviet Union or Russia has always been in the top 3 of oil production around the world. Because of their geographical location and cheap pricing, countries from the EU and Asia have been relying on Russian fossil fuels for decades. China and the EU bloc are primary consumers of Russian oil exports, as they were responsible for 74.5% of Russian fossil fuel exports ranging from February 24th to June 4th of 2022. Although the EU has tried to decrease its exports from Russia, this reduction will inevitably spike oil prices and therefore damage the EU's economy. From February 24th to June 4th of 2022, the EU imported $59.6 Billion worth of crude oil from Russia, which was planned to be reduced. However as shown on the graph, a huge price spike is clearly shown from March, proving that the EU has been, and will be heavily reliant on Russian Imports. Therefore this places the EU on a political tightrope where they have to balance out their relationship with NATO and still somehow maintain oil exports to prevent an economic crisis. The crisis continues to affect countries like Korea, as they partially rely on Russian oil as well, but is crucial to NATO as well.
This oil crisis has led multiple countries into an imbroglio where they still have to rely on Russian fossil fuel to prevent a possible economic downfall, but also have to rely on Western nations who are responsible for the country's exports and imports. The last oil crisis in 1973 occurred when Western nations assisted Israel during the Arab-Israeli war, which can be implied that it is a poor repetition of history. The fossil fuel embargo in 1973 only lasted a year, as the Western nations all fell into heavy economic decline with oil shortages. Therefore, if the Ukrainian conflict continues to trail on, the EU and other nations that relied on Russian fossil fuel will suffer unless they find an agreement.
However, the global status seems to be that this conflict will probably never reach an agreement, or take a very long period to reach. Consequently, countries that have previously relied on Russian fossil fuels must take immediate action to alter their portion of fossil fuel. Nevertheless, OPEC continues to show its stance with high oil prices and cuts of production oil, making it even more challenging for nations in need of oil. OPEC's statement about the protection of their oil reserve amplifies the damage done to the nations who are trying to reduce Russian oil imports. Meanwhile, Russia continues to discount its oil prices as it is selling at a 30% discount rate.
Works Cited
2022, 14 Mar, and Julian Wettengel. "Germany and the EU Remain Heavily Dependent on Imported Fossil Fuels." Clean Energy Wire, 14 Mar. 2022, https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/germanys-dependence-imported-fossil-fuels.
"Consumer Prices of Petroleum Products: Germany 2022." Countryeconomy.com, Follow Us, https://countryeconomy.com/energy/prices-gasoline-gas-oil-heating/germany.
Niccolo Conte Article/Editing: , et al. "Who's Still Buying Fossil Fuels from Russia?" Visual Capitalist, 29 June 2022, https://www.visualcapitalist.com/whos-still-buying-fossil-fuels-from-russia/.
Picchi, Aimee. "Exxon Fully Withdraws from Russia after Putin Seizes Assets." CBS News, CBS Interactive, 18 Oct. 2022, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/exxon-exits-russia-after-putin-expropriates-sakhalin-1-project/.
"Russian Oil Prices Get 30% Discount to Global Benchmark, Data Show." Bloomberg.com, Bloomberg, 31 May 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-31/the-deepening-discounts-on-russian-oil-in-the-country-s-own-data.
"Statistical Review of World Energy: Energy Economics: Home." Bp Global, Bp Global, https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html.
"Which Countries Depend on Russian Gas?" Natural Gas Intelligence, https://www.naturalgasintel.com/which-countries-depend-on-russian-gas/.
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Recently, there was a 7-day lockdown in the Foxconn factory located in Zhengzhou, China. The factory is responsible for 60% of iPhone production worldwide and hundreds of thousands of people work in the factory. Still, just 40 COVID-19 cases managed to halt the production of one of the most popular smartphones, which led to the escape of employees who could not withstand the strict regulations. This is the case for many other Chinese cities, including major economic hubs like Shanghai and Beijing. Although most countries are now ending the lockdowns with COVID-19 cases decreasing, China is sticking to its zero-COVID policy by strictly managing all cases. Then, what are the effects of the endless lockdowns in China?
It is obvious that strict lockdowns are harmful to the economy since people are restricted from earning and spending money. Because the entire city goes through a lockdown if someone tests positive, the negative effects of the lockdowns are significantly greater compared to other countries. The lockdown added to the recent recession caused by the increase in interest rates by the US federal bank meant that China’s economy had a hard hit. While the Chinese government expected the economic growth rate to be 5.5%, the current growth rate is far below: 3%. Also, retail sales, which is an indicator of domestic consumption, decreased by 0.5% last month. This was the highest rate of decrease since the full lockdown of Shanghai six months ago.
Like this, the economy of China is heading in the opposite direction of other countries that are slowly recovering from the effects of COVID. The recent lockdowns are affecting the global economy as well. With exports being banned due to lockdowns, China has stopped working as the “factory of the world”. Currently, numerous important facilities like factories and ports are not active. As a result, other countries are facing logistics issues since their trade with China came to an abrupt stop.
The lockdowns are not only affecting the economy of China, but they are also affecting the daily lives of Chinese citizens. The citizens fear COVID-19 more than necessary since people who get infected need to go through long and strict quarantines. When they come out, they need to face harsh criticism from other citizens for causing the lockdown. The Chinese government created this fear by trying to prevent COVID cases at all costs. For example, just one month ago in Shanghai Disneyland, tourists were stuck in the park for 3 days until everyone tested negative just because of one person who tested positive.
In addition, the endless lockdowns are making the citizens less patient. In Xinjiang, when there was a fire in an apartment building, the firefighters could not enter because the apartment was under lockdown. After the spread of the video footage, the Xinjiang citizens started a protest with people chanting “end lockdowns” and “without freedom, I would rather die”. Across the entire country, the dissent towards the government’s zero COVID policy is continuing to grow. The Chinese government responded to these protests by stating that the lockdowns will soon ease, but it does not seem likely.
However, despite these strict regulations, COVID cases in China do not seem to decrease. It will be very difficult for China to suddenly get rid of its zero-COVID policy since there were already a lot of sacrifices to keep the number of cases to a minimum. Also, it will require a lot of time to convince the citizens that COVID is not a serious disease anymore. As shown in almost all countries around the world, it is likely that the Chinese government will not be able to handle the spread of COVID as they planned. Especially considering its effects on the economy and citizens, the preparation for the unstoppable spread of COVID will soon be inevitable for China.
Works Cited
Binley, Alex. “Shanghai Disney: Visitors Unable to Leave without Negative Covid Test as Park Shuts.” BBC News, BBC, 31 Oct. 2022, www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63456107.
Chen, Heather. “China's Urumqi to Ease Covid Lockdown amid Public Anger over Deadly Fire.” CNN, Cable News Network, 27 Nov. 2022, edition.cnn.com/2022/11/26/asia/xinjiang-urumqi-china-lockdown-protests-intl-hnk/index.html.
Li, Gloria. “IPhone Assembler Foxconn Shifts Production from China Covid-Hit Plant.” Financial Times, Financial Times, 31 Oct. 2022, www.ft.com/content/26dbb37d-ad33-4691-a437-caeba7b2a5c9.
Liang, Annabelle. “What We Just Learned about China's Economy.” BBC News, BBC, 24 Oct. 2022, www.bbc.com/news/business-63296229.
Xie, Stella. “China's Economy Takes a Deeper Hit as Retail Sales Turn Negative.” The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, 15 Nov. 2022, www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-economy-takes-a-deeper-hit-as-retail-sales-turn-negative-11668496169.
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Russia brought chaos to European countries
In August 2022, Russia announced a reduction in natural gas supply through the undersea gas pipe "Nord Stream 1" leading to Germany. Europe's high dependence on Russian natural gas has begun to be used as a weapon of retaliation against sanctions imposed on Russia.
Since the outbreak of the war between Russia and Ukraine, natural gas retaliation has been foreseen to some extent. Russia has a contract with Europe and delivers a fixed amount of gas through the gas pipe for decades. So, Russia has no power to stop or reduce natural gas under normal conditions. However, the war gave Russia the power of force majeure.
Force majeure refers to unforeseeable circumstances that prevent someone from fulfilling the contract. In other words, this law gives one side a carte blanche to change or violate the consensus. Thus, the declaration of force majeure made it possible for Russia to hold substantial authority over the supply of natural gas without European consent.
After natural gas started to cut off, European countries immediately established an anti- Russian alliance through a meeting of energy ministers. They announced policies to reduce 15% of gas consumption by the end of March next year. However, as Russia's natural gas suspension prolonged, divisions began to emerge among the united European countries.
In the process of increasing natural gas reserves, relatively weaker countries began to suffer more from energy inflation, questioning Europe's energy crisis response policy. The price of natural gas in Europe skyrocketed by more than 600%, and electricity prices, which is relatively related to natural gas, increased more than ten times. Despite equally imposing economic regulations, the sharp fluctuations in energy prices have caused weaker countries to lose more damages. Furthermore, the major powers' passive attitude toward these problems has amplified their dissatisfaction.
Not only internal inequality but also external inequality in the process of allocating natural gas imported from other countries are also accelerating European division. Russia's natural gas accounts for half of the total energy consumption in Europe. It indirectly suggests that although European leaders have agreed to reduce energy consumption, the import of natural gas from other countries is inevitable. Thus, the European Union (EU) decided in July to fill the shortage of natural gas by expanding Azerbaijan's gas imports by 150% and increasing LNG fuel imports.
However, the problems arose again. Despite the distribution considering the population and energy consumption of each European country, it is no different from a country with more power taking more energy. In particular, from the perspective of weak Allied countries, they do not believe fair distribution because the EU revolves around powerful countries. After all, the reality of having to find substitute energy resources peremptorily, not cooperating with the rest of European countries, is disrupting Europe and the world.
The cuts in natural gas supplies from Russia did not stop at simply causing an energy crisis in Europe. The hidden inner shadow of the European Union, which arose during the responding and allocating, has caused cracks in the plate of Europe. Therefore, Russia's reduction in natural gas supply is likely to cause an energy war.
The conflict between America and OPEC
On the 5th of last month, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and its ten partner countries agreed to cut crude oil production by 2 million barrels per day. That is about 2% of the world's daily oil spending. The reason for announcing the oil reduction is that OPEC wants to block the fall of oil prices. However, the United States expressed strong complaints about the decision. They believed that Saudi Arabia, the leader of OPEC, and Russia are joining hands to face Western countries.
Recently, the United States and European Union announced sanctions on oil exports targeting Russia. The move is aimed at making Russian oil exports difficult, preventing Russia from spending the money it earned from selling oil, and eventually hurting the Russian economy. However, if the oil prices rise due to OPEC's decision, the effectiveness of sanctions could be invalid because even if Russia sells less oil, it can make the same profit.
From the perspective of a political point of view, the recent decision of OPEC and Saudia Arabia is surprising and unexpected because the U.S and Saudi Arabia have been in a strong relationship. The United States wants to intervene in the Middle East by dominating the global oil supply chain with Saudi. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia wants to protect its nation from Iran by purchasing U.S weapons to overcome its military inferiority.
To prolong the relationship, President Biden visited Saudi Arabia in July. Despite the summit, Salman of Saudi Arabia kept their stance to cut crude oil production. Since the Biden administration was inaugurated, there is no reason to listen to their demands considering its trade gains and losses. In addition, Saudi Arabia felt that the U.S stopped intervening in the civil war in Yemen, and restoring the nuclear agreement in Yemen are the opposite movement against its nation
When the U.S and Saudi Arabia's relationship ends, the two countries will try to find alternative markets. In particular, the United States will cause an energy war by competing with Europe and Asia to find other countries to import oil. Therefore, OPEC's decision is pushing the world into chaos, along with Russia's cut in natural gas supplies.
Works Cited
Flanagan, Mark. “How a Russian Natural Gas Cutoff Could Weigh on Europe's Economies.” IMF, IMF BLOG, 19 July 2022, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/07/19/blog-how-a-russias-natural- gas-cutoff-could-weigh-on-european-economies.
England, Andrew, et al. “The New Oil War: OPEC Moves against the US.” Subscribe to Read | Financial Times, Financial Times, 7 Oct. 2022, https://www.ft.com/content/70853af8-b7a4-4a28-bdfe- b4f3e375a1f0.